This is the class that I decided to
challenge. What's that? It's basically submitting a form saying that you've taken classes or have experience in the topics covered in a certain class and asking for permission to
challenge the class and just take the examination without having to attend the classes.
The final examination is TOMORROW *gasps* and I'm revising... did my notes at the library and now I'm gonna type it all up here! *yay* For those who are interested... these are the basics for speaking in public :D
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Guidelines in preparing Visual Aids- Avoid using the chalkboard
- Display VA (visual aid/s) where your listeners can see them
- Avoid passing the VA around during your speech (it distracts them from your speech)
- Display the VA only when discussing them
- Talk to the audience - not to your VA
- Practice your speech with the VA
- Explain the VA clearly and concisely
Types of informative speeches- Objects
- Processes
- Events
- Concepts
Guidelines for informative speeches- Don't overestimate what the audience knows. Explain the details that you are putting forward.
- Relate the subject directly to the audience. Be creative, tie the audience into your speech.
- Don't be too technical. Not everyone will understand the jargon that you're dishing out. Layman's terms would be fantastic!
- Avoid abstractions. Use vivid descriptions to send a clear message across.
- Personalize your ideas. Make the ideas relate to the audience.
The ethics of persuesive speaking- Maintaining a bond of trust is a must
- Be honest in what you say
- Study the topics thoroughly so that you won't mislead the audience
- Be accurate with facts
- Build your speech on firm grounds of logic before appealing to the emotions of the audience
What makes a persuasive speech successful?How well you tailor values, attitudes and beliefs strategically to win the audience
Persuasive speeches on Questions of Fact- What - These are questions that have absolute answers. eg. How far is my home to town?
- Speeches on questions of fact are usually topically arranged
Persuasive speeches on Questions of Value- What - These are questions on moral values. eg. About worth, morality etc.
- Speeches on questions of value are usually topicall arranged
Persuasive speeches on Questions of Policy- What - These speeches question if a specific course of action should/should not be taken. There are 1. Speeches to gain Passive agreement. 2. Speeches to gain immediate action.
Analysis:
- Need (is there a need from current policy?)
- Plan (is there a plan to solve the problem?)
- Practicality (will this plan solve the problem?)
- Speeches on Questions of policy are organised as such:
- Problem-Solution order (main point is problem. second deals with the solution)
- Problem-Cause-Solution order (main point is problem. it is then analyzed. a solution is offered)
- Comparative Advantages order (main point explains why the speaker's method (solution) is the preferred choice
- Monroe's Motivated Sequence (1. Attention 2. Need 3. Satisfaction 4. Visualization 5. Action)
What makes a speaker credible?- Competence (intelligence, expertise, knowledge of the subject)
- Character (sincerity, trustworthiness, concern for audience)
Types of credibility- Initial - credibility before the speech starts
- Derived - credibility attained during the speech
- Terminal - credibility attained at the end of the speech
How to use evidence- Use specific evidence - statistics, examples, testimony.
- Use novel evidence - cite well-known facts and new evidences
- Use evidence from credible sources
- Make clear the point of the evidence brought forward.
The kinds of logical fallacies- Red Herring - an error in reasoning that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject matter under discussion
- Ad Hominem - an error in reasoning that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue that is in dispute
- Either-or - making the audience choose one of two alternatives when there are actually more than just two
- Bandwagon - an assumption that because something is popular, it is good, correct, desirable
- Slippery Slope - an assumption that taking a first step will inevitably lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented
How to generate an emotional appeal- Use emotional language
- Develop vivid examples
- Speak with sincerity and conviction
YAY :D
